Context: Correcting lumbar hyperlordosis, a main cause of back pain, will reduce the stress on the lumbar spine thereby preventing future problems in back and lower limb. Clinical trials are lacking where mat Pilates, Egoscue exercises and lumbar stabilization exercises are compared for their effect on spinal malalignment. Aims: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Pilates, Egoscue, and lumbar stabilization exercises for reducing hyperlordosis angle in asymptomatic individuals with lumbar hyperlordosis. Settings and Study Design: A randomized controlled trial conducted on volunteer participants from Health Science University of Belagavi. Materials and Methods: Asymptomatic individuals with lumbar hyperlordosis (n = 51) were randomly allocated to Pilates, Egoscue and Lumbar stabilization groups. Outcomes assessed were index of lumbar lordosis, pelvic tilt, and tolerance to exercise performance which was measured at baseline and after 4 weeks. Results: There was significant reduction in the hyperlordosis score (P < 0.001) in the three study groups when compared for pre-and post-intervention scores. However, more reduction was seen in the Pilates and Egoscue groups compared to the lumbar stabilization. Pilates and Egoscue groups were equally effective in Lumbar lordosis angle (P = 0.68) and pelvic tilt (P = 0.51). Participants of Pilates group graded the exercises with superior tolerance to performance (P < 0.0006) than Egoscue and Lumbar stabilization. Conclusion: Pilates group and Egoscue group were equally effective and superior to lumbar stabilization group in correction of hyperlordosis. Further, ease of performance of exercise was rated high for Pilates than the Egoscue exercise. These exercises should be included by the clinicians in preventive or corrective rehabilitation towards spinal posture malalignments.

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Buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma is rare and is considered as an aggressive form of oral cavity cancer. It is also associated with a high rate of local regional recurrence and is seen commonly in people who are habitual tobacco chewers and/or smokers with or without alcohol intake. This case report represents a 40-year-old, moderately built female of buccal mucosa carcinoma who visited the surgical oncology department with involvement of the underlying skin and underwent commando surgery with complaints of pain, restriction of movements at the operated site, chest pain and breathlessness, swelling of left side of cheek, and limited mouth opening as postoperative complications, highlighting on the postsurgical physiotherapy management in commando surgery for buccal mucosa carcinoma and alleviating symptoms that were apparent with improvement in the quality of life of the patient.

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Context: The coronavirus has shut down all schools and universities over the globe. With idiosyncratic upsurge of online learning, nowadays, teaching is undertaken remotely on digital platforms by the use of laptops and mobile phones. Many researches have shown that the excessive or prolonged use of screens can impact mental and physical health. The mental and physical affections include stress, depression, sleep disorders, impact on eyesight, postural pain, hand disabilities, and musculoskeletal disorders. Aims: The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of online classes on the mental and physical well-being of students due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Settings and Design: The survey was conducted on an online mode through Google forms. All gender college-going students within the age group of 18–25 years undergoing online classes for a minimum of 1 month were included in the study. Subjects and Methods: The assessment of mental health was done using the Perceived Mental Stress Test Scale (Psychological Stress Test) and the Patient Health Questionnaire, whereas for the assessment of the physical health, the Neck disability index, and the Oswestry low back pain disability index was used. Statistical Analysis Used: Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient was applied to find the correlation between the duration of online classes and stress, depression, neck, and back disability. Results: A significant effect of online classes was found on the mental and physical health of students, 57.3% of population had moderate stress, 32% of population had mild depression, 48% of population had mild neck pain, and 41.3% of population moderate back pain. Conclusion: Students' mental and physical health has been affected as a result of longer duration spent online on laptops and phones for classes.

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Introduction: Plantar Fasciitis (PF) is common musculoskeletal condition associated with difficulty in performing activities of daily living. The aim of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of single session of Matrix Rhythm Therapy (MaRhyThe) in Plantar Fasciitis. Methods: It was an experimental study conducted on 17 subjects diagnosed with plantar fascitit in the age group of 18-35 years. One session of MaRhyThe was given to calf and plantar aspect of foot for 45 – 60 minutes. Pre and post intervention outcome was measured in terms of pain using pressure algometer (PPA), local skin temperature using non-contact infrared thermometer (IRT) and functional activities using Foot and Ankle Ability Measures (FAAM) scale. Results: Pre Post intervention demonstrated statically significance in terms of reduced pain (P < 0.001), increased local skin temperature (P < 0.001) and improved scores of Foot and Ankle Ability measure (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Single session of MaRhyThe treatment was found to be effective in reduction of pain, improved skin temperature and functional activities in patients with plantar fasciitis.

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Context: Due to the CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, educational institutions in India have been considering various online methods as part of teaching and learning. When the guidelines to resume offline classes were issued by the government, it was an uphill task in maintaining the course delivery while ensuring the safety of the students and faculty. This was associated with different perceptions and opinions toward the reopening of the colleges of students and parents. Aims: To assess student's perception on resuming offline classes among the pandemic using college reopening survey questionnaire. Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study was done on undergraduate students from the Health Science University of Belagavi, Karnataka. Subjects and Methods: An Internet-Based Survey of undergraduate students was undertaken. A college reopening survey questionnaire which comprised 13 questions, was developed and e-mailed to 401 health science students using Google Forms to assess student's perception on resumption of offline classes among the pandemic. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were also studied. Statistical Analysis Used: The perception was assessed as frequency, percentage of responses in addition to Cronbach's alpha values for validity and reliability of the questionnaire. Results: The study showed favorable perception of 80% of students favoring to resume offline classes in the situation of the pandemic, which was consistent across the genders, year of education, and course. The score for reliability and validity was 0.803, which is statistically excellent. Conclusions: Students showed favorable perceptions on resuming offline classes among the pandemic.

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Objectives: Variety of physiotherapy interventions have proven to be efficient in reducing pain and neck disability, to improve range of motion (ROM) which results in the improvement in quality of life (QoL) in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of myofascial release (MFR) versus muscle energy technique (MET) on trapezius spasm for pain, disability, ROM, and QoL in postoperative HNC patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients with HNC cancers who underwent surgery were recruited in the study. The pre–post assessment for neck disability, pressure pain threshold, cervical and shoulder ROM, and QoL was done at baseline and after 6 days of intervention using Neck Disability Index, pressure algometer, universal goniometer, and Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy - Head and Neck scale, respectively. Results: MFR and MET groups are effective for pain reduction P = 0.0001 and neck disability P = 0.0022 when compared within the groups. Cervical and shoulder ranges showed significant improvement in cervical flexion (P = 0.0162), cervical extension (P = 0.0096), shoulder flexion (P = 0.0205), shoulder extension (P = 0.0408), shoulder abduction (P = 0.0037), and shoulder adduction (P = 0.0037) when compared between the two groups. When compared within the two groups cervical and shoulder ranges showed significant improvements (P = 0.0001) in both the groups. Conclusion: MFR and MET are effective when applied individually to reduce pain and neck disability and increase cervical and shoulder ROM in HNC patients.

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Background: The repeated occurrences of sinusitis hinders patients from carrying out their daily life activities efficiently. The successful application of therapeutic ultrasound and shortwave diathermy (SWD) with the addition of suboccipital release and manual techniques could develop a new paradigm in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of therapeutic ultrasound versus SWD combined with suboccipital release and manual drainage techniques in chronic sinusitis in terms of pain intensity, tenderness, and quality of life. Materials and Methods: Forty-six patients with chronic sinusitis were randomly assigned to therapeutic ultrasound and SWD groups consisting of 23 patients each. Both groups received suboccipital release and manual drainage techniques and the outcome measures were assessed at baseline and after five sessions. Results: Compared with the baseline levels, pain intensity, tenderness, and quality of life significantly reduced in both the study groups (P < 0.05) at the end of five sessions. Further, the ultrasound group showed to be better as compared to SWD group. Conclusion: Both therapeutic ultrasound and SWD combined with suboccipital release and manual drainage techniques improve pain intensity, tenderness, and quality of life in chronic sinusitis. However, ultrasound therapy showed quicker and better effects as compared to SWD along with suboccipital release and manual drainage techniques.

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Background: Forward head posture (FHP) is the most frequently attained attitude of the head associated with rounded-shoulder posture (RSP) that leads to muscle imbalances. This needs to be corrected to prevent neck pain. Self-care exercises are home exercises that work positively for the prevention of the secondary effects of RSP. Aims: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of two self-care exercises, namely Bruegger's postural relief position and quadruped track cervical brace exercise in the management of asymptomatic FHP in terms of craniovertebral angle (CVA) and craniocervical flexion endurance (CCFE). Settings and Design: A single-group pre–post study design was conducted on physiotherapy volunteer student population of the Health Science University, Belagavi. Materials and Methods: Fifteen participants with asymptomatic FHP (<44° of CVA) were recruited. They have prescribed the two self-care exercises (Bruegger's postural relief exercise and quadruped track cervical brace exercise), twice a day for 10 consecutive days. The outcome measures were the degree of FHP in terms of CVA and strength of deep cervical flexor muscles by CCFE test that were assessed pre- (day 1) and posttreatment (day 10). Results: The mean age of the participants was 23.00 years (standard deviation = 1.56). The comparison of pre- and postintervention scores for CVA and CCFE outcomes demonstrated a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The two self-care exercises showed an effective reduction of CVA and increased deep cervical flexor strength in FHP. Once learned by the patients, the exercises can be self-administered and can be performed independently by the patients.

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Background: Diabetic neuropathy is one of the major complications of diabetes mellitus, which mainly affects lower limbs in patients with diabetes. Thus, taking into consideration, the debilitating effects of diabetic neuropathy, strength training (ST) is advocated for these individuals to prevent further deterioration. There is meager literature supporting the effectiveness of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) in individuals with diabetic neuropathy. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of functional ST and PNF on balance and gait in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two participants with diabetic neuropathy were recruited and randomly allocated to PNF group and FST group. PNF group received PNF lower limb patterns and functional ST group received functional ST for 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Balance and gait were evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Dynamic Gait Index (DGI) respectively. Statistical Analysis: Within group and between groups, data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney U–tests respectively. Results: A significant improvement in the values of BBS and DGI was observed in PNF group (P < 0.05) as well as FST group (P < 0.05). When PNF and FST were compared, there was a statistically significant improvement in the FST group for both BBS (P = 0.02) and DGI (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Functional ST is more effective than PNF in improving the clinical measures of balance and gait in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

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Context: Physiotherapy plays a significant role in health care system. The pursuit of career in physiotherapy depends largely on the information available to the students about the practice of physiotherapy. Aims: To investigate the level of awareness and perception of physiotherapy profession among senior secondary school students. Settings and Design: The cross-sectional study recruited 259 senior class students in selected secondary schools in Owo local government area of Ondo-state, South-western Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A self-administered questionnaire adapted from similar studies was used to obtain information on level of awareness and perception of physiotherapy. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were summarized using mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentiles. Results: 71.0% of participants were aware of physiotherapy profession. 76.8% were aware that physiotherapy can be studied in University while others believed it can be studied in polytechnic (3.9%), college of education (6.6%) and technical schools (5.4%). 45.9% knew about adequate subject combination for gaining admission to study physiotherapy while 54.1% did not know about adequate subject combination. The overall knowledge score of <48.0% among the participants indicated inadequate knowledge about physiotherapy practice, treatment modalities and specialties. Conclusions: Participants in this study demonstrated a high level of awareness about physiotherapy. The knowledge level of the participants about the practice of physiotherapy, treatment modalities and specialties other than orthopedic remains inadequate. Professional body of Physiotherapy should create a detailed career talk in secondary school to increase the level of awareness and knowledge about the practice of physiotherapy, treatment modalities and specialties.

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There has been a significant increase in the incidence of mental disorders in young adults and often been neglected due to social stigma. However, due to the increased awareness, there has been increased demand for services and counseling centers which often have long waiting lists. Due to the limited resources available, the effectiveness of the therapy method to provide “best” available treatment is needed. In this literature review, the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on generalized anxiety disorder in college and graduate students, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and two RCTs are included. The selected studies suggested significant improvement in general anxiety disorder in college or graduate students by providing CBT. The literature reviewed indicates improvement in generalized anxiety in graduate students' population by CBT, limited studies have been conducted specifically to this population, and since young adults constitute majority of the world population suggesting economic growth, there is a need for more research on the effectiveness of the therapy in this specific population per se.

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Background and Objectives: Prolonged forward head posture (FHP) leads to the development of buffalo hump (BH) at the base of the posterior neck, predominantly seen in females. MaRhyThe (MRT) and myofascial mobility tool (M₂T) are novel physiotherapy methods applied in various soft-tissue disorders. A dearth of literature exists about using these methods for the treatment of BH and FHP. Hence, the aim of the present study was to compare the effects of MRT and M₂T in female individuals having FHP and BH. Materials and Methods: The study was a randomized clinical trial. Twenty female were randomly allocated to Group A (n = 10) and Group B (n = 10) who received MRT and M₂T, respectively. The primary outcomes assessed included craniovertebral angle (CVA), neck circumference (NC), and skinfold measure. The secondary outcomes were cervical endurance and range of motion that were assessed on day 1 (pre) and day 10 (post). Exercise and study intervention (MRT/M₂T) were given alternately for 10 days. Results: All the primary and secondary outcome parameters analyzed at days 1 and 10 showed statistically significant results for both the study groups (P < 0.001). However, analysis between the two study groups showed no statistically significant difference for Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire (P = 0.08), NC (P = 0.56), and skinfold measure (P = 0.72) except for CVA (P = 0.03). Conclusion: Both MRT and M₂T interventions were effective in reducing the BH and correction of FHP in addition to improving cervical mobility and endurance. However, MRT proved to be superior to M₂T in terms of correction of FHP and reduction of the BH.

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Background and Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate and compare the immediate- and short-term (five sessions) effects of retro-walking (RW) on treadmill along with conventional treatment and conventional treatment alone on hamstring flexibility, gait velocity, cadence, kinesiophobia, and psychometry in individuals with chronic knee osteoarthritis (OA). Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-eight individuals clinically diagnosed with Grade 2 or 3 knee OA between the age group of 40 and 70 years participated in the study. The individuals were randomly allocated to two study groups. Control group received conventional treatment of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and exercises, whereas experimental group received RW on treadmill along with TENS and exercises for five sessions. Outcome measures were assessed using popliteal angle measurement, walking velocity, cadence, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia 11, and Self-efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-item scale. Results: Between-group analysis showed that RW was superior to control group (P < 0.005) in terms of improvement in walking velocity, cadence, and reduction in kinesiophobia in individuals with chronic knee OA. However, immediate effect was statistically significantly better in RW group only in terms of walking velocity (P < 0.005). Conclusion: The RW group demonstrated to be more effective than conventional physiotherapy group on walking velocity, cadence, and kinesiophobia. Hence, RW may be considered as part of the treatment protocol of OA knee patients with mild-to-moderate degenerative changes.

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This case series describes the use of Class IV LASER in the treatment of Bells' palsy in five participants. Patients were given 7 days of physiotherapy intervention in the form of Class IV LASER for three sessions alternatively and four sessions of conservative physiotherapy based on history and clinical examination. The House-Brackmann Facial Nerve Grading System was used for the pre–post assessment. Majority of the participants showed a change with one patient returning to the normal grade. Three others had a good outcome with mild dysfunction with Grade II and one patient showed only a functional change from Grade VI to Grade IV.

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Objective: Global developmental delay is the term used when a child lags or has a delay in all the domains of development. Early detection of this delay is a necessity to commence with early intervention. This study aimed to determine the concurrent validity of gross motor component of Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3) with the motor scales of Developmental Assessment Scales for Indian Infants (DASII) in risk infants <6 months. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included risk infants in the age group of 1–6 months (n = 97). They were assessed using the age-appropriate ASQ-3. The parents/caregivers of the children filled in the child-appropriate responses. The children were then assessed using the DASII. The scores of ASQ-3 and DASII were recorded as per the instructions in their respective manuals. Results: One hundred and fifty infants were screened for eligibility, of which only 97 were eligible according to the study criteria. Fifty-four children failed on the gross motor domain of ASQ-3, whereas sixty children failed on the motor scales of DASII. The overall sensitivity and specificity of the ASQ-3 were found to be 73.80% and 89.83%, respectively. The sensitivity of the ASQ-3 at 2 months was 75% and 66.67% at 4 and 6 months. The specificity of the ASQ-3 at 2, 4, and 6 months was 88%, 90%, and 93.33%, respectively. Conclusion: ASQ-3 has strong characteristics to detect motor developmental delay in infants at risk for developmental delay.

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Background and Objectives: The posture adopted when using a smartphone is a major cause for concern. The objective of the study was to find the correlation of neural tissue mobility of the median nerve and cervical core muscle endurance with smartphone use in asymptomatic young adults. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study conducted in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 75 asymptomatic young adults were assessed for the frequency and intensity of smartphone use, cervical core muscle endurance, and neural tissue mobility of the median nerve. Statistical Analysis Used: Spearman correlation test was used in this study. Results: The study showed a significant correlation of median nerve mobility with the Problematic Mobile Phone Use (PUMP) Scale score (P = 0.00, r_[dominant], r_{[nondominant]} =0.588) and the duration of smartphone use. In terms of number of years, r _(dominant) =0.516, r _{(nondominant)} = 0.413. In terms of number of hours/day, r _(dominant) = 0.776, r _{(nondominant)} = 0.597. Furthermore, a significant correlation of cervical core muscle endurance with the PUMP Scale score [P = 0.00, r = −0.730] and duration of smartphone use exists. In terms of number of years, P = 0.00, r = −0.534. In terms of number of hours, P = 0.00, r = −0.791. Conclusion: The neural tissue mobility of the median nerve is hampered with increased smartphone use in terms of duration of use. Furthermore, the cervical core endurance is less in individuals who use their smartphone for longer durations and in those who are more addicted.

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Application of electricity in the field of medicine is not a new invention. In fact, it has been used over the past 150 years ago to treat bone fractures. Electromedicine was not in much use, and it has been recently revived due to its therapeutic benefits. Electrotherapy modality, especially transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), is traditionally used for a pain relief and also frequently used modality in the management of dental-related pain. However, microcurrent electrical therapy which is fairly a new technology used for tissue repair along with electroanalgesia for a variety of clinical conditions has been less explored in dental practice microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation (MENS) uses theoretically negligible amount of current at cellular level in relieving pain and promoting accelerated healing of damaged and inflamed tissue, which makes it as an efficient treatment modality in the management of pain with least number of side effects than drugs in chronic situations. It is also proposed that MENS is a superior modality in the treatment of masticatory muscle pain due to its electroanalgesia and tissue repair action. Hence, this article briefly reviews the application, effects, and side effects of MENS compared to traditional TENS.

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Background: Lateral epicondylitis (LE) of elbow, involves tendinitis of the extensor carpi radialis brevis(ECRB). LE is characterised by superficial or deep macroscopic and microscopic tears at the tendinous origin of ECRB. Rigid taping has been proved effective in alleviating pain, improving muscle function and restoring functional movement patterns. Kinesiology taping (KT) has roughly the same thickness as the epidermis and can be stretched between 30% and 40% of its resting length longitudinally. Since KT is more user friendly and it support functions by maintaining active range of motion and without the circulation being repressed as compared to rigid taping, there is a need to study the effect of KT on grip strength and pain in subjects with LE. Aims and Objectives: 1. To report the pain pressure threshold of subjects in experimental and control groups before and after application of KT. 2. To determine the grip strength of subjects in experimental and control groups before and after treatment using KT. 3. To compare the values of pain pressure threshold and grip strength between experimental and control groups. Materials and Methods: Subjects satisfying the inclusion criteria were taken for the study by convenience sampling. The subjects of both groups were then assessed for pain and grip strength prior to the application of tape using a pain-pressure algometer and hand-held dynamometer respectively. Subjects in the experimental group were then applied with KT using muscle and space correction technique and the control group received sham taping. The outcomes were then re-assessed immediately after taping. Results: From the results obtained it was seen that there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) in the pain pressure threshold and grip strength between the both groups indicating that KT was effective in reducing the pain and increasing the grip strength in individuals with lateral epicondylitis. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicates that, there is a significant improvement in pain pressure threshold and grip strength after the immediate application of KT in the experimental group as compared to the control group.

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Background and Objective: Literature suggests spinal mobilization with arm movement (SMWAM) individually is effective in treating cervical radiculopathy. There is paucity of literature on myokinetic stretching technique (MST) and evidence which compare MST and SMWAM. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of MST and SMWAM on range of motion (ROM), pain, functional disability, and grip strength in subjects with cervical radiculopathy. Materials and Methods: A randomized clinical trial with thirty two subjects diagnosed with cervical radiculopathy were included in the study and randomly divided into two groups of 16 subjects each where, Group A received MST and Group B received Mulligan's SMWAM along with the conventional treatment. Outcome measures were assessed on the 1^st day preintervention and 6^th day postintervention where pain intensity was assessed using visual analog scale, ROM using universal goniometer, grip strength using hand dynamometer, and functional performance using neck disability. Results: Within group analysis showed pain relief, improvement in ROM, and reduced disability which was statistically significant in both the groups (P < 0.0001) whereas the between group analysis revealed no statistical significance. There was no significant difference in grip strength scores between the groups (P = 1). Conclusion: The study concluded that MST and SMWAM are equally effective in relieving pain, improving ROM, and functional disability in subjects with cervical radiculopathy.

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Background and Objectives: Stroke survivors are more prone for sensorimotor impairments such as dynamic balance and gait disabilities resulting in physical disabilities, striking a major socioeconomic burden on the family and society, if the goals of the rehabilitation are inappropriate. The present study aimed to compare the effect of Libra balance board exercises and Pilates exercises on dynamic balance, gait, and quality of life in subacute and chronic stroke patients. Materials and Methods: The present study was a randomized clinical trial that included 34 individuals, 17 in each group with subacute and chronic stroke in the age group of 40–65 years. All the patients having Brunnstrom voluntary control grades 3–5. Intervention included Libra balance board exercises and Pilates exercises for 30 min, five sessions per week over a period of 4 weeks. Patients were assessed at the baseline using Berg Balance Scale, Dynamic Gait Index, Activity-specific Balance Confidence Scale, and Stroke-specific Quality of Life Scale and reassessed after 4 weeks. Results: There was statistical significance in all the outcome measures in both the groups with P < 0.0001. However, Berg balance score showed statistical significance (P ≤ 0.001) in Group A with P < 0.05 when compared between the two groups. Conclusion: The study concluded that both Libra balance board exercises and Pilates exercises were beneficial in the enhancement of dynamic balance, gait, and quality of life in patients with subacute and chronic stroke

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Background and Objective: Low back pain is one of the major causes for disability and absenteeism at workplace. The anterior innominate dysfunction is a common type of dysfunction leading to low back pain in which the joint adapts to an abnormal position locking it in an anterior pelvic tilt thus leading to low back or buttock pain that may radiate to lower extremity pain. Mulligan mobilization particularly helps restoration of joint movement in a pain free manner and has reported to be effective in increasing range of motion and reducing pain. Manipulation, on the other hand has also proved to be effective in inhibiting pain receptors causing relaxation of muscle and increasing range of motion. Since there is a dearth of literature stating the comparative effects of both techniques, the current study has aimed at finding out the effectiveness of both techniques on anterior innominate dysfunction. Materials and Methods: A clinical trial conducted on 30 subjects with a mean age of 37.57±10.32 years were randomly assigned into two groups, Group A (n = 15) received Postero-medial SI Mulligan mobilization and Mulligan taping technique + Conventional Therapy and Group B (n = 15) received SI Manipulation and Mulligan taping technique + Conventional Therapy. Patients were assessed at baseline and on 6^th day of therapy using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Modified Oswestery Disability Questionnaire (MODQ), Modified Schober's lumbar range of motion and Pelvic Inclinometer scale Results: Pre and post mean difference in group A were 6.56±1.01 cm for VAS, 27.33±7.76 for MODQ, 1.90±0.68° for lumbar flexion range, 2.19±0.45° for lumbar extension range and 2.00±1.46 mm for pelvic tilt. While the pre and post mean difference in group B were 6.56±1.01 cm for VAS, 27.33±7.76 for MODQ, 1.90±0.68° for lumbar flexion range, 2.19±0.45° for lumbar extension range and 2.00±1.46 mm for pelvic tilt. The intra-group comparison was statistically significant with P = 0.0001 (VAS, MODQ, Lumbar flexion and extension ROM) and P < 0.05 (Pelvic tilt), the inter-group comparison was also statistically significant with P = 0.0001 (VAS and lumbar extension ROM), P = 0.0005 (Lumbar flexion ROM). Conclusion: The present study concluded that Mulligan mobilization with Mulligan taping technique showed superior effects than Manipulation with Mulligan taping technique.

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: Background and Purpose: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired speech and communication and repetitive behavior. In the past few decades, there has been a gradual increase in the prevalence rates of ASD. The present study intends to find the prevalence of ASD in children between 16 and 30 months in Belagavi using Modified Checklist for ASD in Toddlers (MCHAT) questionnaire. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 510 children in the age group of 16–30 months in the Anganwadis and playschools of Belagavi using cluster sampling. The teachers were explained about the details of the study and were asked to gather children between 16 and 30 months along with their primary caretaker. The caretaker were explained about the details of the study, and participants were recruited based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Demographic data such as age, gender and socioeconomic status were recorded. The caretakers were given translated Kannada version of MCHAT-revised questionnaire to record their responses based on their child's behavior, and the total score was calculated by the primary investigator. Results: Among the 510 children screened for the risk of ASD, the prevalence was found to be 0.19%. The mean age of the participants was 24.5 ± 5.04 months. The prevalence was found in the upper-middle class in the age group of 28–30 months.Conclusion: The prevalence of ASD in Belagavi was 0.19% in children in the age group of of 16–30 months.

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