The most common predisposing factor for low back pain is a prolapsed lumber intervertebral disc. It is the most prevalent symptom in the modern population, albeit it was formerly the ancient curse of society, and it affects 80% of the population at some time in their lives. The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of physiotherapy versus surgery for patients with prolapsed intervertebral disc. A thorough search of Medline, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and PEDro was done. Randomized control trial and prospective cohort study relevant to physiotherapy versus surgery, physiotherapy management alone, surgery among the lumbar disc herniation patients were included. Studies that were written in English and came out between 2006 and 2018 were enlisted using inclusion criteria. For screening, identified similar types of articles, avoid duplicate articles, and finally compare and contrast 5 articles. In the short-term, according to the majority of the articles, surgery was more beneficial than conservative treatment. However, there was no discernible difference between physiotherapy and surgery after a long period of observation, and the re-operation rate after surgery was 3%–20% within the first 1–2 years. Physiotherapy intervention had no adverse effects, whereas surgery had some adverse effects. In all circumstances, physiotherapy intervention is more effective than surgery. Physiotherapy interventions should be prescribed in a structured way.

The aim of the study is to emphasize the choice of appropriate outcome measures in oncology telerehabilitation during post-COVID times from December 2019 to January 2022. This systematic review was carried out on the studies published in the English literature retrieved from electronic databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, CINAHL, Pedro, and COCHRANE). Manual search was done on the reference list of the studies included. Studies were selected according to the inclusion criteria assessed through PEDro Rating Scale. Eleven studies were reviewed for the risk of bias. Clinical outcome measures were significantly improved after giving intervention through telerehabilitation services. There was increased in functional exercise capacity, decrease in anxiety score, and improvement in quality of life (QOL) in cancer patients. The outcome measures are vital tools in evaluating cancer patients. This systematic review advocates the used of 6 min walk, timed up and go, and timed stair test to evaluate functional exercise capacity. Hospital anxiety and depression and generalized anxiety disorder scales for anxiety and depression, cancer related fatigue scale, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL, and functional assessment of cancer therapy scales for QOL as a outcome measures in oncology telerehabilitation. This systematic review provides a comprehensive view regarding the choice of outcome measures used in oncology telerehabilitation.

Currently, a large number of the global population are physically inactive or engaged in insufficient physical activity. A sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity disturb normal human body functions such as metabolic activity, insulin, immune response, adipokine functions, and vascular and endothelial functions. A sedentary lifestyle is the leading cause of insulin resistance, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this narrative review is to evaluate the effect of exercise on the regulation of adipokine and sedentary lifestyle diseases. A total of 1218 articles were reviewed. Articles were searched by various databases such as Pubmed, Chinhal, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Eligibility criteria for including the articles: abstract, free full-text, and full-text articles and books were searched from January 01, 2004 to March 01, 2022. For this review, randomized control trial study, narrative and systematic review published in the English language were included. This review indicated that regular exercise either aerobic or resistance are improved the circulatory levels of various adipokines. Aerobic exercise for 1 week helps to improve the anti-inflammatory adipokine leptin and adiponectin and diminished the pro-inflammatory adipokine visfatin and resistin. Regular exercise along with dietary restrictions may play a significant role to reduce sedentary lifestyle diseases. Acute and chronic exercise may be an effective therapy to reduce the risk factors for chronic disease and its complications. Combined aerobic and resistance training are more effective to regulate adipokine.

Context: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), though a disease of the lung, the extrapulmonary manifestations contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality. Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the effects of two different thoracic kinesio taping techniques on pulmonary function, oxygen saturation, and exercise capacity in patients with COPD. Settings and Design: A randomized clinical trial was conducted across tertiary health-care hospitals in Belagavi, Karnataka. Subjects and Methods: A total of 42 participants aged 30–65 years (51.58 ± 10.21 years) participated in the study. All participants underwent baseline evaluations for pulmonary function, oxygen saturation, and exercise capacity, following which they were randomly allocated to one of the two intervention groups. Both groups, Group A (diaphragmatic taping) and Group B (intercostal muscle taping), were given intervention for 15 days, with the applied tape changed on every 3^rd day. Postintervention evaluation was performed on the 15^th day. Statistical Analysis: Mann–Whitney test was used for between-group comparison, and the Wilcoxon test was used for within-group comparison. Results: A significant improvement was noted in all parameters in Group A except forced expiratory volume in 6 s (FEV₆) (P = 0.47) and FEV₁/FEV₆ (P = 0.301) ratio when compared with preintervention values. In Group B, all the parameters showed a significant improvement compared to preintervention values. The between-group comparison showed that only FEV₁/FEV₆ (P = 0.018) ratio showed a significant improvement. Conclusion: There is no significant difference between diaphragmatic taping and intercostal muscle taping technique. It was noted that both the techniques were equally effective in improving pulmonary function, oxygen saturation, and exercise capacity in COPD patients. Hence, thoracic kinesio taping, in addition to conventional physiotherapy treatment, can help in achieving better patient outcomes.

Context: The COVID-19 outbreak has made working from home (WFH) the new way of working for information technology professionals. WFH can affect the well-being and productivity of employees with no remote work experience. Aim: The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of burnout syndrome among information technology professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Setting and Design: Cross sectional on line survey was done with google form. Materials and Methods: A online survey was conducted by sending a burnout questionnaire consisting of 28 questions to the information technology professionals through the Google Forms and the data were collected and analyzed. A total of 125 information technology professionals participated in this study. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics and frequency distribution was done to calculate the prevalence. Results: The findings of this study revealed that 39.2% of the population had moderate stress, 30.4% of the population had high stress, and 5.6% of the population had dangerous stress. This could be because of too much work allotted to finish, repetitive and monotonous work, change in the working environment, extended working hours, too much distraction, and social isolation. Conclusion: This study concluded that there is a high amount of stress among the information technology professionals and the higher rates of work-related stress may significantly increase the incidence of other health disorders.

Context: Pain-related fear is more disabling than pain itself. Assessment of kinesiophobia should be practiced as a regular basis for any traumatic painful conditions. As upper limb fractures are most prevalent among all the other types of fractures, this study aims to assess the prevalence of kinesiophobia in posttraumatic upper limb conditions and its correlation with cognitive status. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of kinesiophobia in upper limb traumatic fractures and observe its correlation with cognitive status. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted at tertiary care hospital, and data were obtained from the orthopedics department of the hospital. Subjects and Methods: Three hundred (n = 300) patients with upper limb fractures were screened for kinesiophobia and cognitive impairment. Kinesiophobia was assessed using Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia and cognition was assessed using Mini–Mental State Examination Scale. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were applied and frequency distribution in percentages to see the prevalence of kinesiophobia in upper limb fractures. Karl's Pearson's coefficient correlation test was applied to evaluate the correlation between cognitive status. Results: There is an inverse negative correlation between cognitive status and kinesiophobia (r = 0.06, P = 0.002). There was 58% of overall prevalence in upper limb fractures but the highest was observed in fractures of the shoulder complex which was 32%. Conclusions: The overall prevalence of kinesiophobia in upper limb fractures was high, however, it was highest in fractures of the shoulder complex with compound fractures. This study also concludes that reduced cognitive status leads to increased kinesiophobia.

Context: High blood pressure (BP) is a worldwide public health problem that is becoming more common by the day. Music therapy and aromatherapy are two novel complementary therapies, that when used in conjunction with aerobic exercise, can help lower BP. The outcome is measured using a mercury sphygmomanometer and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of music therapy versus aromatherapy in combination with aerobic exercise in stage 2 hypertensive patients. Settings and Design: The present randomized controlled trial was conducted in Tertiary Care Centre, Belagavi. Subjects and Methods: A total of 78 people with stage 2 hypertension were included in the study. For 2 weeks, the patients were randomly assigned to receive either music therapy or aromatherapy in combination with aerobic exercise or merely aerobic exercise. The PSS was given to the participants before and after the intervention, and their BP was monitored with a mercury sphygmomanometer before and after the intervention. Statistical Analysis: Various statistical measures such as test of significance, SD, and mean were used to analyze the data. Results: The results were statistically significant (P = 0.0001). The percentage of change seen in systolic BP (SBP) scores in Group A was 1.60, Group B was 3.44, and Group C was 1.57. The percentage of change seen in the diastolic BP (DBP) scores in Group A was 1.17, Group B was 2.81, and Group C was 1.48. The percentage of change seen in the PSS scores in Group A was 14.51, Group B was 22.17, and Group C was 16.47. Conclusion: The present study concluded that combining music therapy and aerobic exercise showed a maximum reduction in SBP, DBP, and stress levels. Thus, music therapy with aerobic exercise can be used as an alternative treatment with medications to reduce BP in hypertensive patients.

Context: Age-related loss in skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia), decreased muscle strength (dynapenia), and frailty can impede functional skills and cause mobility problems, leading to falls and fractures. There are scanty epidemiological data on the prevalence of these conditions in areas in the Indian subcontinental areas. Aims: The aim of the study is to create epidemiological statistics on sarcopenia, dynapenia, and frailty in a cross section of community-dwelling individuals in Belagavi city. Study Design and Settings: This is an epidemiological study on community-dwelling individuals from Belagavi city, India. Subjects and Methods: Seven hundred and two residents over the age of 40 years were evaluated and diagnosed for sarcopenia as per the guidelines given by the Asian Working Group for sarcopenia which included gait speed, dominant hand grip strength (HGS), and appendicular skeletal mass index (ASMI). They were assessed for frailty with a Clinical Frailty Scale and dynapenia with HGS. Statistical Analysis: The prevalence was calculated as the frequency and distribution. Results: A total of 309 men and 393 women were enrolled in the study. The results depicted higher prevalence after the age of 70 years for sarcopenia (20.37%), dynapenia (23.65%), and frailty (5.98%) when compared to those of 40–50 years (11.82%, 14.81%, and 0.14%, respectively). Sarcopenia was equally prevalent among females (30.77%) and males (30.48%). Females (40.03%) had a higher prevalence of dynapenia than males (34.19%) and females (4.56%) were frailer than males (2.42%). Conclusions: With advancing age, the prevalence of sarcopenia, dynapenia, and frailty increased. The changes become more prevalent after 70 years of age in both genders. Although sarcopenia was equally prevalent in both genders, dynapenia and frailty were more prevalent in women than men.

Context: Pelvic crossed syndrome (PCS) often known as lower crossed syndrome, which is a clinical pattern of muscle imbalance around the pelvis, has been reported more frequently in females than males of the same age. Primary dysmenorrhea (PD), which is another prevalent condition in females, is a leading cause of work absenteeism. As menstrual pain has been reported with change in musculoskeletal structure around the pelvis and lumbar area, this syndrome could be a missing link, which describes the severity of the condition, and may have an impact on physical activity. Aims: The objective of the current study is to find the prevalence of PCS in females with PD and its impact on physical activity. Settings and Design: This was an observational study undertaken in colleges of Belagavi City for a period of 6 months. Subjects and Methods: A total of 305 females with PD were recruited based on the inclusion criteria. They were assessed for PCS using Thomas test and modified Schober's test for muscle length and manual muscle testing grades for muscle strength, after which were subjected to Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23 software descriptive statistics and Chi-square test. Results: The prevalence of PCS in females with PD is 28.5% with 44% of those experiencing severe PD, whereas 23% of those with moderate-to-severe PD. The impact of the same on physical activity was found significant with 67% of females with PD involving in only 1 h of physical activity for every 24 h. Conclusions: Pelvic cross syndrome affects physical activity significantly and is prevalent in 28.5% of females with PD.

Context: Lumbar radiculopathy is pain which starts from the lumbar spine and radiates to one or both lower limbs. Spinal mobilization with limb movement (SMWLM) has been proposed for the treatment of lumbar radiculopathy by Brian Mulligan. Studies on SMWLM have found it to have positive effect in reducing radicular symptoms, but a comparative study of SMWLM versus sham mobilization is lacking to prove the beneficial effect of SMWLM since sham procedures more clearly differentiate the efficacy of an intervention. Aims: To compare the immediate effect of SMWLM with sham SMWLM on straight leg raise (SLR) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) in patients with lumbar radiculopathy. Settings and Design: Single-blinded randomized controlled trial. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-eight participants with lumbar radiculopathy (mean age 40.2 ± 12.2 years) were included. The trial group (n = 14) received SMWLM and control group (n = 14) received sham SMWLM. In SMWLM a transverse glide was applied with the therapist thumb just lateral to the involved lumbar spinous process and the hip was taken into flexion. Sham SMWLM was given by placing thumb just lateral to the involved spinous process without applying any glide while the limb was taken into only 10° of hip flexion. The pre- and immediate post-SLR test angle and VAS was compared within each group and postvalues was compared between the two groups. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed with Wilcoxon's signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: Post intervention in the experimental group there was a significant increase in SLR test angle (P = 0.001) and reduction in VAS (P = 0.001) while in the control group only VAS decreased (P = 0.034). There was a significant difference between the groups in postintervention SLR test angle (P = 0.038) and VAS (P = 0.018). Conclusion: Through its biomechanical, neurophysiological effects, and marginal placebo effects, SMWLM can be used as an effective treatment technique for immediate improvement in pain-free SLR range in patients with lumbar radiculopathy.

Context: Aging involves an overall deterioration of sensory functions, affecting the coordinated behavior, and suggesting a decline in the quality of afferent information from the periphery. Extra mental effort is required for the control of these movements and performing complex tasks requiring control of balance. Aim: The research was undertaken to determine the correlation between interlimb coordination with dynamic balance and cognition in geriatrics. Setting and Design: Cross-sectional study was done on geriatric people from Rehabilitation Center, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi. Subjects and Methods: A total of 35 healthy geriatrics were recruited from South Delhi by convenience sampling, based on the inclusion criteria of the study. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the university and signed informed consent was obtained before the study. All the participants were assessed for interlimb coordination, dynamic balance, and cognition by Purdue Pegboard Test, Berg balance test, and mini–mental state examination, respectively, at Rehabilitation Center, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis for correlation was performed through statistical software IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 and the Pearson correlation test was used with a significance level set at 0.01. Results: Mean changes revealed the correlation between interlimb coordination and cognition (P = 0.000). Interlimb coordination and balance did not show any correlation (P > 0.01), and there was no adverse event during the study. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that interlimb coordination is related to cognition and not to dynamic balance in healthy geriatric people.

Context: The Upanishads are primary texts of Yoga philosophy and practices. Various Yoga Upanishads have given detailed description of various yogic practices along with their spiritual and physical benefits. This study aims to assess the effect of one Pranayama practice from Trishikhbrahmana Upanishad on sleep quality in adults. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of a Pranayama technique (described in the Trishikhbrahmana Upanishad) on sleep quality in adults. Settings and Design: An experimental study was conducted on volunteer participants from North India. Subjects and Methods: A pretest–posttest control group study was designed where the participants (n = 30) were randomized into study (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The study group was given the Pranayama intervention for 30 days whereas the control group was not given any intervention throughout the study. The sleep quality was assessed by using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Statistical Analysis Used: GraphPad Instat Software was used to carry out independent t-test. The mean and standard deviation were also calculated. Results: The results showed a significant improvement in the postglobal PSQI score in the study group (P < 0.001) whereas there was no significant change in the pre- and postglobal PSQI score in the control group (P = 0.941). Conclusion: The results suggest that the Pranayama technique from the text and its effects are true in improving the sleep quality in adults but future studies with a larger sample size and some other physiological parameter assessments may further support the textual claim.

Context: Urogenital tract problems faced by menopausal women are of concern among which urinary incontinence is majorly considered, with the prevalence of 27.66% of urge incontinence affecting the quality of life and has significant cost implications. The core, including abdominal muscles as well as pelvic floor muscles, plays a critical role in continence maintenance. Urinary incontinence is caused by the weakness of these muscles in menopausal women. Aim: The aim of the study is to establish the correlation between the quality and quantity of core muscle strength in menopausal women with urge incontinence. Settings and Design: This is a correlational study conducted in a tertiary health-care center. Materials and Methods: The present study consisted of 50 volunteered women of age group 45 years and above. The participants were recruited by screening with the help of the Patient Perception of Intensity of Urgency Scale and were given the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) and core strength was quantified using pressure biofeedback unit (PBU). Statistical Analysis: Pearson's correlation was used to establish the association between urge incontinence and core muscle strength. Results: Pearson's correlation revealed a significant correlation between the core strength in relation to urge incontinence in menopausal women with nonlinear association where PBU (P = 0.022*) and ICIQ (P = 0.001*) were found. Conclusion: According to the findings, the present study showed a significant correlation between menopausal age and core muscle strength and hence concluded that the correlation of core muscle strength with urge incontinence in menopausal women.

Context: Hemibridge with ball and balloon exercise causes co-contraction of the core, pelvic floor muscles, and lower limb muscles. However, limited data exist about the efficacy of these exercises in elderly individuals. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hemibridge with ball and balloon exercise on balance, gait speed, fear of falls, and quality of life in elderly individuals. Settings and Design: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care center and old age homes. Subjects and Methods: Thirty-six (n = 36) elderly individuals were randomly allocated to the control and experimental groups. The control group received conventional balance training, while the experimental group received hemibridge with ball and balloon exercises with conventional balance training exercises. The outcome measures were the Timed-Up and Go test (TUG), 4-m gait speed (4MGS) test, Short Falls-Efficacy Scale (SFES), and RAND 36-Item Short-Form Survey (SF-36). Both groups received treatment for 3 weeks with three sessions a week. Statistical Analysis: The test used for between-group analysis was the Mann–Whitney U-test and for within-group analysis was the Wilcoxon matched-pair test. Results: The between-group results for TUG, 4MGS test, and SFES for the experimental group showed a statistical significance compared to the control group. However, the results of the RAND SF-36 health survey for the experimental group were not statistically significant compared to the control group. Conclusion: Hemibridge with ball and balloon exercise with conventional balance exercises showed beneficial effects on balance, gait speed, fear of falls, and quality of life for the elderly.

Context: Human gait, or the way people walk, is a complicated motor activity involving coordinated movements of different parts of the body. It is crucial in everyday activities and is influenced by a variety of factors such as age, health status, and musculoskeletal and neurological disorders. Understanding the many characteristics of gait, especially symmetry and asymmetry, is critical for getting insights into normal locomotion patterns and recognising potential deviations associated with certain conditions. Aims: The current study aims to understand the different aspects of gait such as symmetry and asymmetry of gait to develop a deeper understanding of the underpinnings of human gait. Settings and Design: Convenience sampling was used. This was a cross-sectional observational study. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done on 72 healthy adults between the age group of 20 and 80 according to the criteria. Convenience sampling was used. Subjects were divided into six groups having 12 subjects in each group. Gait analysis was done using GAITRite. Subjects were asked to walk three times on the walkway at their preferred speed. Since all the variables are continuous, all the data have been processed in terms of the mean. Statistical Analysis: The Statistical Software, namely Jamovi 0.9.5.12 (jamovi.org), was used for statistical analysis. Results: It was observed that step time and cycle time can be considered parameters representing symmetry and parameters such as step length, stride length, H-H base of support, swing (% of gait cycle) stance (% of gait cycle), single support (% of gait cycle), and double support (% of gait cycle) represent gait asymmetry. Conclusions: This study establishes the asymmetric parameters of gait across the age span the minimum detectable difference in all the parameters were calculated.

Context: Many studies have engrossed on correlating one or two biomechanical parameters related to the lower limb alignment factors but not many have taken into account the effect of increased body weight on the relationship between Q-angle and pelvic tilt. Aim: The present study aims to assess the changes in pelvic inclination angle (PIA) and quadriceps angle (Q-angle) in the different categories of body mass index (BMI). Furthermore, to find an association between PIA, Q-angle, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) in different categories of BMI. Setting and Design: The Observational case control study was conducted on community dwelling individuals from Delhi NCR. Subjects and Methods: Two hundred and forty participants (120 participants of BMI score 18.5–22.9 kg/m² (normal weight healthy individuals) and 120 participants of BMI score >25 kg/m² (obese healthy individuals) were recruited on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. BMI, PIA, Q-angle, and WHR were assessed in the standing position. Statistical Analysis: Intra-class correlations of analysis was done using the Pearson correlation coefficient calculation for all the measured variables. Results: Significant higher mean values of PIA and Q-angle were observed in obese participants when compared with normal weight participants (P < 0.01). BMI was significantly positively correlated with PIA (P = 0.011) and Q-angle (P = 0.014) for obese population, whereas no significant association was found to normal weight healthy population. Similarly, statistically significant positive correlation was found between PIA and Q-angle (P < 0.01). Conclusion: The study concluded that increase in body weight is an important factor which influences the biomechanical alignment of kinematic chain segments of the lower quadrant of the body. Hence, it is very important to focus on proper biomechanical alignment and the whole lower extremity should be considered rather than a single segment as a factor, because one mechanical factor has the potential to compensate for or affected by another when functioning in the weight bearing position.

Mirror therapy is the intervention aimed to improve functional aspects by creating a reflective illusion and mirror neuron system. Although there are many researches stating its effectiveness in neurological and orthopedic injuries, it has not been used widely in clinical settings for upper-limb fracture cases. A 69-year-old female sustained a right humeral shaft fracture and underwent open reduction internal fixation. Following the surgery, the patient was referred to the physiotherapy (PT) department for wrist drops, pain, and stiffness in the shoulder joint. The patient received conventional PT (electrical stimulation and exercises) for the first 3 weeks. Later, mirror therapy was introduced for wrist and shoulder movements. She was evaluated for pain, range of motion of shoulder and wrist joints, and functional ability at baseline, at 3 weeks, and at 6 weeks. There was an improvement in all outcome measures predominantly within 3^rd week–6^th week. Mirror therapy showed positive effects on upper-limb functions when combined with conventional therapy.